Monday, 28 July 2008

Remembering Bronwyn Bishop

This document is full of harm minimisation. The Prime Minister said that he is opposed to harm minimisation and that we do not have it.

-Bronwyn Bishop

Australia had once led the world when it came to drug policy because of Harm Minimisation(HM). Although HM has been our official policy since 1985 it has had it’s share of critics, especially lately. Probably the most interesting aspect of this government initiative is the lack of understanding from the government itself. Steve Cananne from radio station, JJJ highlighted this so well in a short video documentary last year which exposed the then current government as not even acknowledging our own drug policy and knowing even less about it. 


The following links are to the short documentary and the full interview with Bronwyn Bishop who chaired the House Families Committee’s inquiry into the impact of illicit drug use on families titled, “The Winnable War on Drugs”. This interview is the epitome of Zero Tolerance rhetoric from a government caught up in ideology but more importantly how intensely idiotic and deceitful politicians can be to push their narrow minded views onto the public. Watch as Bronwyn Bishop tries to explain her reasoning behind the report and note the political manoeuvring that is as cringe worthy as watching an episode of The Office or Some Mother Do Have ‘Em.


JJJ - "War on Drugs"


JJJ - Interview with Bronwyn Bishop


STOP. If you haven’t watched them, go back and click on the links ... you will regret it if you don’t.


During the interview, Bronwyn Bishop talks about a huge advertising campaign along the lines of the AIDS Grim Reaper ad. She also throws in the Faces of Meth campaign by the  Multnomah County Sheriff’s Office. Below is an example of the campaign.



...we have an obligation to have a major advertising campaign, a bit like the Grim Reaper, to tell people what it does to you. Pictures that show what drugs do to you: the rotting teeth, the ageing face, the haggard look, the bone disintegration.

-Bronwyn Bishop

Politicians love fear tactics and BB is no exception. People already know the dangers with drugs but many also don’t believe government spin. BB keeps mentioning the “drug elite” are involved in “old thinking” with Harm Minimisation. This is just a new tactic of Zero Tolerance zealots to use the arguments of HM supporters and switch it around. In fact BB’s suggestions are “old thinking”, not HM which continues to expand and try new evidence based strategies whilst Zero Tolerance policies have been tried over and over but somehow expecting different results.

This report is very specific about what needs to be done to prevent harm—not just to reduce it or minimise it but to prevent it, with the ultimate aim of always making the individual drugfree and not sentenced to a lifetime of methadone, which will probably take 46 years off your life expectancy, and not turned into a hag with their teeth falling out. If you think the mouth of a tobacco-smoking person is hideous,look at the mouth of a methadone user.

-Bronwyn Bishop.


Bronwyn Bishop’s handling of the “The Winnable War on Drugs” committee was disgraceful and deceitful. She stacked the committee with DFA members and was so arrogantly biased from the beginning that I am surprised someone didn’t punch her. The junk science was laid on by the truck full and her opinion kept over riding anyone who disagreed with her. The rhetoric was thick in the air and the use of sound bite type statements was pathetic. “Think of the children”, “the ruined families”, “drug users look disgusting” and more. She put down any expert who was not of the Zero Tolerance view and her incredible lack of knowledge was backed up by members of the committee who were just as rude and aggressive.


Inquiry - Monday, 28 May 2007


Dr Herron: ... I went through that era—I never inhaled—when cannabis was thought to be harmless and useful and all the rest of it. It was the general consensus in the hippie era that that was so. Now, it has taken years—a bit like cigarette-smoking; it took 50 years for cigarette-smoking.


Bronwyn Bishop: But it is not like cigarette smoking, John.


Dr Herron: No, I am saying the deleterious effects of cigarette-smoking took 50 years to be enacted in legislation.


Bronwyn Bishop: Yes, but do not compare the two, because I have never seen anyone commit an act of violence under the influence of tobacco.


Bronwyn Bishop is a well known bigot especially when it comes to Muslims. Her attempt to ban headscarves was even rejected by John Howard but that didn’t stop BB from slipping in a racist comment when she could.


Bronwyn Bishop: Harm minimisation has come to mean different things to different people.


Dr Herron: That is correct.


Bronwyn Bishop: It is a bit like the term ‘multiculturalism’ I suppose. It is ruining people’s lives.



Bronwyn Bishop and her Islam phobia:

In August 2005, Bishop called for Muslim headscarves to be banned from public schools, an opinion also expressed by another prominent Liberal backbencher, Sophie Mirabella. The Prime Minister, John Howard, said that he did not agree with this view as a ban would be impractical. Her preoccupation with criticising Islam in Australia has been criticised as racist, sexist and hypocritical.[3] In November 2005, Bishop expressed the view that "she is opposed to the wearing of the Muslim headscarf, where it does not form part of the school uniform. This is because that in most cases the headscarf is being worn as a sign of defiance and difference between non Muslim and Muslim students" and then went on to say that she "does not believe that a ban on the Jewish skull cap is necessary, because people of the Jewish faith have not used the skull cap as a way of campaigning against the Australian culture, laws and way of life."

-Wikipedia.


Lost in the world of Zero Tolerance is blissful ignorance. Politically it’s too hard to take the advice of expert groups or follow the science. Bronwyn Bishop is a political animal with no conscience or ethics. She will happily deceive the public to get her agenda in motion, whether it’s correct or not.

Addiction alone should determine whether a child is separated from their parent

-Bronwyn Bishop


Science does not allow for ideology to take over and someone’s personal views cannot alter facts ... unless your a politician it seems. This has never been about the welfare of addicts but how it fits in with the government’s “family values” spin. One of the successes of HM is the separation of science and morality which allows research and facts to determine treatment. It’s a real twist when a government committee can be formed on the basis that contradicts this, defeating the very element that gives it success.

The aim should be to make the individual drug-free. We have found those in the drug industry take an amoral stance; they say that by harm minimisation the question of morality is out of the equation and they make no judgment as to whether drugs are good or bad.

-Bronwyn Bishop


Bronwyn Bishop is disgusting, rude, bigoted and deceitful. How someone like her can be a representative of our society raises many questions. Personally she makes me squirm and I wonder how she can go on each day with no remorse. I have brought this up before that people in a position of trust, who play with people’s lives for the sake of political or personal gain should be made to face a court of humanity. If John Howard had been returned to office and her idiotic report had been taken up, the damage to people’s lives and the deaths caused would never be attributed to her, even though she purposely overlooked scientific evidence and factual research. If society was fair, dangerous politicians like Bronwyn Bishop, John Howard, Kevin Rudd, Ann Bressington, Nicola Roxon, Chris Pyne, Fred Nile etc. would be serving jail time for crimes against humanity. Instead they continue to gain personally from playing political chess with drug addicts lives and the experts who are trying to help.



Wednesday, 23 July 2008

Cannabis is OK - The Debate is Over

OK, it’s time to end this debate, once and for all.


• Cannabis Is Relatively Harmless

• Harsh Laws Do Not Work

• Potency Increases Are A Myth


This is scientific fact and there is evidence to back it up. If you disagree, you are wrong ... simple. There, now I have said it. End of discussion, final, it’s over, no buts about it, just accept it. There has to be a cut off point somewhere and I am declaring it now. How much more evidence can be produced as we are already just repeating the same studies? What? So you have read differently? What you have read is wrong or it has been manipulated to suit the agenda of the writer. Go back and reread it. Am I wrong? No, I’m not but don’t take my word for it, read the evidence below.


EMCDDA have produced a 700 page report about cannabis. The two-volume report aims to provide an authoritative reference work on scientific research, legislation and policy issues associated with the drug in Europe.


A cannabis reader: global issues and local experiences [read]

EMCDDA, Lisbon, June 2008

Cannabis is the most-used illicit drug in Europe, but it can also be a major source of division and debate among politicians, scientists, police, professionals and citizens


As a result the public faces a daily flow of information on cannabis, some of it well-founded, but some of it militant and at times misleading.


The report is designed as a guide to inform research, debate and policymaking on the substance.

-Wolfgang Goetz. Director - EMCDDA

My worry is that even all of the evidence in this article will not influence those of the Zero Tolerance / prohibitionist view point. We have seen the Reefer Madness propaganda campaigns in the US and the junk science reports coming out lately at amazing rates but these approaches seem to catch the public eye. Whilst there has been ample reports in the media about the relative safety of cannabis for the last 30 years, it’s the alarmist viewpoints that have dominated especially recently. Supposed legitimate organisations have put out many statements that are simply wrong or purposely misleading. Such organisations as the US Drug Czar’s office, the White House Office of National Drug Control Policy, the International Narcotics Control Board (INCB) and the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNOCD) are notorious for deceitful practices and they influence most of the world’s drug policies.


Locally, Australia is also guilty of mass propaganda against cannabis with the government probably the biggest offender. Given the influence of the religious right and hard core prohibition supporting journalists, our government is prepared to follow the populist route and mislead the public. Then we have our friends, Drug Free Australia (DFA) who are funded by us, the tax payer to lie and ignore real evidence with religo-psyco babble and family values rhetoric.




All that is history now as I have declared the debate is over. Evidence has won out and the Disneyland morals brigade have lost. After you have read the EMCDDA 700 page report, read it again and then read on below for some more research that show up the anti-cannabis extremists as the liars that they are.


Cannabis Safer Than Alcohol Or Tobacco, Says Study

Irish Examiner

June 2008

http://archives.tcm.ie/irishexaminer/2008/06/27/story66083.asp



CANNABIS is less dangerous than alcohol or tobacco, according to a major review published by the EU drugs agency.


The report said most users cease smoking cannabis by their late 20s or early 30s and that the vast majority did not experience any negative effects.


“On every comparison of dangerousness we have considered, cannabis is at or near the bottom in comparison with other psychoactive substances,” said author Robin Room, in an analysis contained in a 700-page EU report on cannabis.


The report, A Cannabis Reader: Global Issues and Local Experiences, was published yesterday by the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction to coincide with international day against drug abuse and illicit trafficking.


Mr Room examined a range of research on the health effects of legal and illegal drugs, which compared the substances based on dangerousness or harm, degree of intoxication and dependence. These found:


* Harm: Ecstasy and cocaine highest, followed by alcohol and heroin, with cannabis lowest.


* Intoxication: Alcohol highest, heroin next, then cocaine, cannabis fourth.


* Dependence: Tobacco highest, heroin second, cocaine third, alcohol fourth and cannabis lowest.


The study follows a report this week by the National Advisory Committee on Drugs, which highlighted sharp rises in cannabis use in many parts of Ireland.


Mr Room said a report by the French Roques committee divided the effects of drugs between general toxicity — involving direct health damage — and “social dangerousness”, with criminal and other behaviour resulting.


It rated cannabis as “very weak” in terms of toxicity and “weak” in terms of social dangerousness.


In comparison, alcohol was rated “strong” for both, with tobacco “very strong” and “none” respectively.


Heroin was rated “strong” (except for medical doses) for toxicity and “very strong” for social dangerousness. Cocaine was also rated “strong” and “very strong”.


Mr Room said the current international restrictions on cannabis were “too harsh”, compared with the greatly under-regulated systems for alcohol and tobacco.


In a separate analysis on the health impact of cannabis, researcher John Witton concluded: “Most cannabis users cease smoking cannabis by their late 20s or early 30s and the vast majority do not experience any adverse effects.”


He said a minority continue their use and that long-term heavy users reported negative health effects.


Forum: Decriminalization Of Cannabis

Wim van den Brink

Amsterdam Institute for Addiction Research Academic Medical Center,

University of Amsterdam Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

http://www.encod.org/info/IMG/pdf/Brink_Decriminalization_Cannabis_2008.pdf


Conclusion :

This paper has shown that cannabis use is not without risks, that criminalization is an expensive strategy involving considerable policing, prosecution and a fair amount of incarceration, that decriminalization does not result in lower prices and higher consumption rates, nor in more severe patterns of cannabis use, that prohibition and criminalization are associated with social harms to the cannabis user, that decriminalization may reduce the association between cannabis use and schizophrenia and between cannabis use and the use of other illicit drugs, and that criminalization may reduce the legitimacy of the judicial system.


What are the implications of these conclusions for the debate on criminalization versus decriminalization? Evaluation of prevention strategies, including national drug policies, should be subject to the normal conventions of health technology assessment; that is, it should be evidence-based, cost-effective, acceptable to the public receiving it and not generate substantial collateral harms. It seems not very likely that a more vigorous criminal-jusitice-based approach would fulfil these criteria.


A further decriminalization combined with quality control, price measures including taxation, primary and secondary prevention of use and harm reduction through age restrictions and limitations of the number of cannabis retail outlets may postpone early onset of cannabis use and stabilize or even reduce cannabis consumption rates.


Finally, low-threshold and free-of-charge treatment facilities are needed for those who – despite preventive actions – develop physical or mental health problems. Given the available scientific data, existing repressive, expensive and unsuccessful criminal justice policies should be replaced by humane, effective and more efficient health policies such as those currently implemented in many of the European countries, including the Netherlands, Switzerland, Spain and many others.


Cannabis Potency And Contamination: A Review Of The Literature

-National Center for Biotechnology Information

-Addiction Journal


ABSTRACT


Aims: Increased potency and contamination of cannabis have been linked in the public domain to adverse mental health outcomes. This paper reviews the available international evidence on patterns of cannabis potency and contamination and potential associated harms, and discusses their implications for prevention and harm reduction measures.


Methods: A systematic literature search on cannabis potency and contamination was conducted.


Results: Cannabis samples tested in the United States, the Netherlands, United Kingdom and Italy have shown increases in potency over the last 10 years. Some countries have not shown significant increases in potency, while other countries have not monitored potency over time. While there are some grounds to be concerned about potential contaminants in cannabis, there has been no systematic monitoring.


Conclusion: Increased potency has been observed in some countries, but there is enormous variation between samples, meaning that cannabis users may be exposed to greater variation in a single year than over years or decades. Claims made in the public domain about a 20- or 30-fold increase in cannabis potency and about the adverse mental health effects of cannabis contamination are not supported currently by the evidence. Systematic scientific testing of cannabis is needed to monitor current and ongoing trends in cannabis potency, and to determine whether cannabis is contaminated. Additionally, more research is needed to determine whether increased potency and contamination translates to harm for users, who need to be provided with accurate and credible information to prevent and reduce harms associated with cannabis use.


Jennifer McLaren - National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Australia,

Wendy Swift - National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Australia,,

Paul Dillon - National Cannabis Prevention and Information Centre, University of New South Wales, Australia

Steve Allsop - National Drug Research Institute, Curtin University of Technology, Australia



Sunday, 20 July 2008

Questioning Christian Behaviour at Beyond 2008

Last week at a drug policy strategy conference for NGO’s worldwide, Drug Free Australia (DFA) secretary, Gary Christian raised the hairs on some necks when he made an unplanned speech criticising the selection process. Some delegates were offended and many complained about Christian’s embarrassing behaviour which left the Australian and New Zealand delegation dumbfounded.


Is success of the conference being overshadowed by this selfish behaviour? The next few weeks will tell.


The United Nations are currently preparing a 10 year review of the 1998 UN General Assembly Special Session (UNGASS) which dealt with international drug issues. Next year, the Commission of Narcotic Drugs will meet in Vienna to present it’s findings and prepare policy for the following 10 years. This meeting is unique as it will be considering for the first time, the views of non-government organisations (NGOs), who recently met to prepare their strategy. The participants in the “Beyond 2008” NGOs Forum, included 13 consultations in all 9 regions of the world and involving over 500 NGOs from 116 countries and 65 international NGOs.


The conference was a success and a Beyond 2008 declaration was produced which encouraged the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) and the Commission on Narcotic Drugs (CND) to dramatically change their approach especially concerning the human rights of drug users. The focus was on evidence based policies and consideration for the well being of those inflicted with drug addiction. Our regional delegation had 18 delegates representing 42 NGO’s from Australia.


Unfortunately, some of the US delegates upset the flow of proceedings by intervening and demanding that certain terminology not be used. These groups who oppose Harm Minimisation, now refer to it as “harm maximisation” and they regularly interjected when it was mentioned that current drug policies were causing damage to society or harming drug users. The general conclusion that tough drug policies were not working or the suggestion that drug users had valuable input was also met with objections and unnecessary delays. Incidentally, one of these groups was the US Drug Czar’s office who were not even an NGO and yet were seen to be the key trouble maker and led the interruptions and delays at the conference. 

Although 20% of all delegates were from the US, only a minority reflected the hard-line views of the US government. Ms June Sivilli from the US Drug Czar’s office appeared to be directing the interventions of these extremist and often mean-spirited US delegates.


The flagrant involvement of a government official in the operation of this NGO conference breached the meeting’s rationale. Some US-based anti-drug delegates intervened frequently to obstruct and delay proceedings, reject any suggestion that current drug policies cause any harm, oppose references in the text to 'harm reduction' or participation of people who use drugs in the policy making process.

-Dr. Alex Wodak. Australian Delegate.


But the worst was yet to come when on the final night before the closing ceremony, Gary Christian from Drug Free Australia (DFA) decided he wanted to stop proceedings and give a long, drawn out and unplanned speech. To the shook and dismay of the entire conference, Christian started criticising the selection process although he had been involved in that very process for several months. It seems that the outcome from the majority of the attendees was not to his liking and the DFA ideology was not popular amongst his peers except for some US delegates who heavily supported Zero Tolerance. Several tables were upset and jeered Christian who claimed to represent some participating groups who knew nothing of the speech he was giving. From some reports, I have heard that Christian made a complete fool of himself and lowered the integrity of DFA.


The Australian organisers, The Australian National Council on Drugs (ANCD) received many complaints as did the the Beyond 2008 organisers. The ANCD has also made an official complaint to DFA. Strangely, all the trouble stirred up by Christian has seemed to go over his head as he posted his complaint on the official mailing list of the The Alcohol and other Drugs Council of Australia (ADCA). A day latter, Gino Vumbaca, the Executive Director of ANCD, posted a condemnation of Christian’s actions on the same mailing list, expressing his disappointment and explaining away Christian’s complaint as unjustified and improper. I am sure there will be much discussion to come and undoubtedly, Gary Christian, in typical form, will try to justify his actions. Gary Christian is infamous for his “logic loops” which shift from one point to another until he digs a hole bigger enough to fit the entire DFA board in it.

The statement was not prepared or discussed with any other members of the Australia and New Zealand regional delegation – with many having now expressed their strong dissatisfaction and opposition to the statement, indeed I am not aware of any member of the delegation that has supported the statement

-Gino Vumbaca, Executive Director - ANCD


Drug Free Australia (DFA) was part of John Howard’s plan to dismantle Harm Minimisation and effectively change our drug policy to follow the lead of the US and Sweden. With funding of $600,000 over 3 years, DFA have contributed nothing of substance to the drug debate except fear, irrational  junk science and religious ideology. Their research is often wrong, theoretical and regularly criticised by industry professionals and peers. Nearly every member is from a strong evangelistic/religious background including Australian Family Association, Seventh Day Adventists, The Salvation Army, Festival of Light and the patron is a TV evangelist who heals the sick on stage using the powers of Jesus. Is DFA the right organisation to be guiding drug strategies in this age of science and medical based treatments? Their resistance to evidence based policies and the proven success of Harm Minimisation leaves them out of step with experts in the field and encourages them use more extreme measures to be heard.

Drug Free Australia will continue to strive for pro health alternatives to illicit drugs and to ensure that harm prevention is not only a household catch phrase, but a reality, put into good practice, throughout our country. 

-DFA Website - About DFA 


Gary Christian embarrassed Australia, New Zealand, The ANCD, other delegates, DFA and himself. I just wonder if the severity of the situation will sink in or will he brush it off as being misunderstood? Since he bravely posted his complaint on the ADCA mailing list, I gather he is preparing to defend his position, not that it is unexpected. Gary has a reputation for not backing down in debates, even if the subject has to shift focus several times to achieve his goal. Disappointingly, Gary’s actions will effect others in the field especially those who worked so hard to represent Australia/New Zealand at the Beyond 2008, Vienna conference. The ANCD deserve much praise for their hard work, as do the participants who attended. The Beyond 2008 declaration is an excellent outcome and all involved should feel proud. 

I also need to advise that the statement provided to the VNGOC by the Drug Free Australia delegate after the Vienna Forum included even further criticism of the Australian consultation and delegation than is included in the statement posted here. I am not sure why this is the case, but again repeat my disappointment, as well as the disappointment for what I understand to now be all other delegates from Australia and New Zealand, as well as many other NGO delegates from around the world that have contacted me about the statement.

-Gino Vumbaca, Executive Director - ANCD


Gary Christian will probably never change his views but he at least should accept that the Beyond 2008 declaration is representative of most NGOs in the field of drug and alcohol treatment. If he has any integrity, he should also apologise to those he misrepresented and upset.



RELATED LINKS:

Beyond 2008 Regional Report: Australia and New Zealand

Global Drugs Policy Begins to Stir

Dr. Alex Wodak’s Letter to Crikey


Saturday, 19 July 2008

Cop Overdoses on Stolen Pot & Dials 911

A police officer from Michigan, USA, confiscated marijuana from a suspect and took it home to make brownies for himself and his wife. Apparently they ate too many and had to ring 911 because they thought they had overdosed and were dying. Whilst on the phone to emergency services and "dying", the officer asked for the baseball scores.






The irony of a police officer eating too many marijuana brownies after stealing it, is as comical as the fact that you can’t overdose on cannabis. It seems that this story is so funny that even some media had a hard time reporting on it.



 


For some though, the incident had a different meaning:

“Special” Brownies

source


this video really made me think about life. about whether or not i’m really living.


i think, in Christianity, some of us check out too soon.


i go to a church that is vastly made up of grandparents. and most of them have made room for the younger generations to come in and keep the church going. our culture tells us that if we’re not young and trendy and new, then we’re not that valuable. we’re not that important. i think they might be buying into this mindset. i’d give anything for some of them to step back in. for some of them to continue to serve, give, live. sometimes i think they believe they have nothing left to offer.


some of us check out because we are going through a dry season in our faith. we haven’t “heard from God” in a while. we’ve stopped getting the goosebumps when that soloist sings on Sunday mornings. nothing has really “hit” us when we’ve spent time reading the Bible. the church sometimes tells us that if we’re not keenly aware of God, then there is something wrong with us. so we believe we are Spiritually dead. and we check out.


sometimes i think our prayers can sound like the prayers of that cop. “i think we’re dead.”


maybe we’ve allowed ourselves to be taken under the influence of something that clouds our judgment to the point of convincing us we’re already dead.

-Mandy Thompson - mandythompson.com

Police officer, Edward Sanchez and his wife were not charged with any offence and resigned before the internal investigation finished. Whilst being interviewed, Sanchez blamed his wife saying that she took the marijuana out of his police car while he was asleep. Unfortunately for Sanchez, his wife had another version of the incident and said that he had tricked her into eating the brownies. After being questioned more intensely, Officer Sanchez finally admitted that he had put the grass in the brownies himself, which they both then ate. He also admitted that the marijuana in question, was taken from a suspect while on duty.


Sanchez’s wife also confessed she had previously removed cocaine from her husband's police car, which was being used to train drug sniffer dogs. She admitted to going on a weekend bender with the stolen coke.


Friday, 18 July 2008

Should We Give Clean Needles to Prisoners?

What do you think? Is your first reaction, no - they are prisoners for god’s sake? I understand that reasoning but there’s a bigger issue here. The alternative to not giving out clean needles is effectively imposing a death sentence via a lethal injection of HIV/AIDS or Hep C. Why then do tax payer funded groups like Drug Free Australia (DFA) oppose the idea so strongly?


I must admit, clean needles for prisoners is a hard one to argue with someone who has little interest in the drug policy debate. Prisoners are there to be punished and the MSM has a habit of telling the public that prison is a holiday camp. Prison is anywhere but a holiday camp for most prisoners and for those addicted to drugs or alcohol, it can be a nightmare. Firstly, addicted prisoners are probably only incarcerated because of their drug addiction and secondly, prisons are not known for their Harm Minimisation strategies.


Sterile Syringes Are Provided To Prisoners

Health Canada


In an increasing number of prisons in Switzerland, Germany, and Spain, sterile syringes are provided to prisoners. These programs have demonstrated successful outcomes including reduced rates of occupational exposure to used needles by correctional services personnel and the removal of used needles from circulation. An evaluation of needle exchange programs in Swiss prisons indicated the following: consumption of drugs did not increase; syringes were not used as weapons; there were no incidents of needle stick injuries; sharing of syringes among prisoners greatly decreased; there were no new cases of HIV or hepatitis C; injection site abscesses did not increase; there was a decrease in drug related sanctions; a decrease in overdoses and suicides; and staff acceptance of the program increased.


Drug Free Australia's (DFA) Unscrupulous Campaign

And now our good friends, Drug Free Australia (DFA) are campaigning against possible changes to the prison system that would bring Australia in line with others parts of the world and follow the recommendations of the World Health Organisation. As usual, their arguments are mostly based on moral beliefs, what-if scenarios and the ideology of a drug free society. For a heavily tax payer funded NGO, they leave a lot to be desired with their research and reporting. The whole argument by DFA is not only erroneous and lacking in real evidence, it is blatantly wrong and exploitative. 

This brings into play issues such public safety as well as the safety of prison officers and other prisoners. There is at least one case where a NSW prison officer died as a result of HIV after being stabbed with a needle in prison.

-Craig Thompson. DFA


In 2002, The ANCD produced a position paper on the needle exchange program in Australia and recommended the program be introduced into prisons. Since then, 60 prisons in 12 countries now provide clean needles to prisoners and there has not been a single case of using a syringe as a weapon. The only reported case was the case mentioned above which coincidentally was in a prison system where needles are NOT handed out.


Below is a classic example of DFA logic where they have stated that handing out clean needles leads to more users and the spread of disease even though all research concludes the opposite. The crunch is that clean needles would stop the spread of disease not increase it.

Also reported on was a study of more than 200 injecting drug users in Sydney's south-west showing that for every one hundred new users followed for a year, forty-six became infected with Hep C.


This new user figure is frightening. Up to 40% of injecting drug users share their needles. So, project the new user scene if free needles were given out in the Alexander Maconochie Centre (AMC).

-Drug Free Australia (DFA)


DFA have no credibility left, if they ever did in the first place. They should be the last group anyone should be listening to. In a clear case of deceit and arrogance, Jo Baxter from DFA attempts to discredit Families and Friends for Drug Law Reform (FFDLR) for their support of clean needles in prison.

For instance the forum being convened by a group called Families and Friends for Drug Law Reform will try to engender greater community support for the concept. If we examine their arguments they are totally flawed, said Jo Baxter, Executive Officer of Drug Free Australia:

-DFA Website


It backfires completely as the evidence Baxter uses is just wrong. For god’s sake, if you are disputing the factual basis of someone’s claim, at least use the truth. To say the reasoning from FFDLR is flawed and then producing truly flawed counter-arguments is a waste of tax payers money.

Mantra(FFDLR): 'The ability for prisoners to use needles to inject drugs in prisons will provide them with a healthier environment and will reduce the spread of HIV and Hep C’. 

WRONG: Firstly, one of the main ideas of a prison is to prevent illegal activity. It therefore follows that prisoners do not have rights to continue an illegal activity when in prison. Secondly, needles/syringes would be a weapon in the hands of many prisoners – to use on other prisoners and/or the guards, doctors and other prison personnel. Thirdly, it is fallacious to claim that needles will reduce blood borne viruses such as HIV and Hep C. There is strong evidence to the contrary. 

-DFA Website


Baxter, in a dizzy cloud of denial, declares that since drug use is illegal, it should not be acknowledged, especial in prison. This is the whole point of clean needles in prison, that drug use does in reality exist, whether we like it or not. Baxter’s argument indicates that since it’s illegal, it’s better for prisoners to be infected with HIV/AIDS or Hep C than to deal with the situation.


Claiming that syringes can be a weapon in the hands of prisoners sounds logical but Baxter, as usual, ignores the research that it is not a known problem. In fact, there are no cases involving prisons that give out clean needles.


The last point is so worrying that the government must act to stop the funding for DFA.To claim that clean needles do NOT reduce blood borne disease like HIV/AIDS and Hep C goes against every respectable report ever done on the subject. Even the general public know this but for a so called professional to make this claim is idiotic and plainly deceitful. To top it off, Baxter actually claims there is strong evidence against clean needles reducing blood borne disease. Where is that evidence, Jo? It does not exist and either Baxter is a deceitful liar or thicker than a plank of wood.


Families and Friends for Drug Law Reform (FFDLR) have taken up the cause and for some real insight into the issue, you should read what they have to say.


RELATED LINKS:

ACT to reconsider jail needle exchange

Position Paper - Australian National Council on Drugs (ANCD)

Minimising the Spread of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Within the Australian Prison System - Australian Institute of Criminology

Families and Friends for Drug Law Reform (FFDLR) - Newsletter

No NSP in new ACT Prison?





Tuesday, 15 July 2008

Did They Really Say That? Part 1 - The Media

As I was writing an article recently, I had to look for a certain quote. Searching through my research, I noticed I was smiling like Tim Blair with a free 4 litre cask of wine. Quote after quote of some the most fascinating commentary that deserved to be packaged and sold off like a precious commodity. Quotes and comments that should be collated and put into a time capsule for the sake of future generations. 


So I wondered if there were any quotes or comments made by the pro-Harm Minimisation crowd that were as silly as the anti-Harm Minimisation lot and I drew a blank. I did some digging through comments from Dr. Alex Wodak, Tony Tringingham, Prof. David Pennington etc. but I was unable to find an equivalent to the often crazy quotes from prohibitionists, moralists, Zero Tolerance supporters and the religious right. Even the suggestions about doing a full 360º turnaround in drug policy were logical and relevant but the responses often weren’t.


DR. ALEX WODAK: Under the current system, of course, all the most vulnerable people in the country can roll up to any criminal and corrupt policeman that they know of and buy the drug and no questions asked about age or are you pregnant, or do you have a mental illness or whatever. If we had a taxed and regulated system, not only would we be able to have warnings on the packages, but we'd also be able to regulate the people who obtain cannabis from the regulated outlets. 


CHRISTOPHER PYNE: I don't accept that. I don't think you should regulate poison because it would be easier to manage it if you did. This is a poison and it's destroying our young people. It's affecting their mental health and the idea that governments should somehow get involved in it, regulate it, tax it, control the strength of it and then spend that money that's raised in taxation as though it was any other kind of revenue raising tool, I think, is an abomination.


Like alcohol and tobacco?


This is the first in a 3 part series that puts the spotlight on some of the most remarkable comments aimed at brutalising drug policy in Australia.


The comments with the most influence at cloudy the drug debate, seem to be from the media with a special mention to the Daily Telegraph. The DT has some of the most vocal opponents of Harm Minimisation and drug reform, even to the point where one particular Piers Akerman was quoted by John Howard as someone who shared his views. Why were the DT so opposed to Harm Minimisation? Where did it come from? The answer is the editor, Col Allen.

QUESTION: Col Allen, is it right for a newspaper editor to have his mind made up so firmly to be so dogmatic on an issue like this, which is still tearing the community apart?


COL ALLEN: Well I'm not dogmatic about it. I believe, and I believe very firmly, that certainly the audience at large of The Daily Telegraph is not interested in seeing shooting galleries and injecting rooms flourish in our city.

-Col Allen. Editor - Daily Telegraph


Well, there you have it. But Col doesn’t write articles but he at least added his own DT version of the truth.

The (heroin) trials failed in Switzerland and Switzerland is now, along with other countries in Europe, returning to a tough, hard line and fighting crime, and it didn't work

-Col Allen. Editor - Daily Telegraph


It’s amazing that someone working in the news as an editor can let so many fallacies and strong opinion pieces through but to add his own is hilarious. For the record, law enforcement and health officials in Switzerland declared the program a success. So did voters. In a nationwide referendum in September 1997, over 70 percent opposed an initiative that would have ended the trials. In October 1998 parliament voted overwhelmingly to make the program permanent.

But what about everyone’s favourite DT bulldog (or bull toad), Piers Akerman? Piers is a well known anti-drug crusader but less known as a former druggie himself. During Piers peak, he was singled out as John Howard’s main media ally to opposing the ACT heroin trials. In fact, MediaWatch pointed out that 10 of 17 paragraphs in an article from Akerman on drugs were directly lifted from a press release from the Prime Minister's office. It was all too much for independent MP, Richard Jones (1988-2003) and during parliament in 1997 he called Akerman an ex drug addict who used cocaine, LSD and marijuana regularly. He told of Akerman’s co workers listening to him each morning at 9 AM snorting lines of cocaine and he even accused him of sexually harassing young female employees. He questioned why Akerman would campaign so heavily to stop the trials and in rebuke, named and shamed him as a hypocrite drug user.

What does Akerman really think about HM?

Up to a point, Premier, up to a point. Your government is responsible for legalising the intravenous injection of illicit drugs - how family-friendly is that?

[...]

Drugs remain one of the greatest scourges of our society and while a member of the NSW police force was reminding prospective attendees of the Big Day Out that there are no such things as "recreational" drugs, only "illegal" drugs, your government still subscribes to a dangerous, but politically correct, policy of "harm minimisation".

-Piers Akerman


His is very happy to tow the line when it comes to spin. Notice the imaginary link between policing and saving lives.

... he was the driving force behind a website designed to let drug users know where police sniffer dogs might be assisting police drive down drug crime and save lives.

-Piers Akerman


But Piers, like most of the ZT pundits, are happy to accept moral importance over evidence even going as far as calling a “scientific trial”, unscientific. Akerman’s spin was completely ignoring the fact that the proposed heroin trial was exactly that ... a trial, to gather research. Misleadingly, Akerman calls it an “unscientific free heroin handout”. Attacking science is the call of the ZT loonies and discrediting the proposed heroin trials as “free heroin for junkies” is journalism at it’s lowest. Akerman was paramount to misleading the public with fear and lies. Was he afraid the trials would prove it was indeed a good policy like overseas?

Small wonder then Mr Howard’s decision to derail the ACT’s unscientific free heroin handout was attacked by apologists for drug addicts and pushers.

-Piers Akerman


When you have exhausted all the dirty tricks, there is always one more lurking about. Piers was determined to attack heroin addicts anyway he could and even down played addiction to heroin. Again, Akerman and co are obviously much more informed than the million or so workers in the addiction field.

I am not convinced that addiction to heroin is any more compelling that any addiction to any other pleasure.

-Piers Akerman


Is it really about drugs? Or is Akerman just a Liberal Party hack supporter? His hate of Labor and especially The Greens is consistent in nearly every article he writes.

In the truest expression of lunatic libertarianism they (The Greens) want illicit drugs permitted for personal use, they want to ban the use of sniffer dogs and even the use of helicopters for the detection of drug crops.

-Piers Akerman (on The Greens drug policy)


So, is it right for the media to set the atmosphere for the drug debate or to report on it? Alan Jones was asked that very question.

QUESTION: But was it right for a media professional to influence public opinion against the trial, when medical professionals said the trial should go ahead?


ALAN JONES: Well of course if you leave education to educationalists or politics to politicians Rob, you'll get into trouble. So I don't think health issues are the province of the health professionals.

-Alan Jones. 2UE 


You can stop thinking that right now ... these are real quotes and not made up. Yes Alan Jones did say that. 

Although Alan Jones has apparently changed his mind and now supports trying a new approach, he did once say this.

(Harm Minimisation:) a theory whereby addicts get free needles, free syringes, free methadone and shooting galleries.

-Alan Jones. 2UE 


Many of you may be asking, where’s Miranda Devine? To be frank, there are so many classic Devine quotes that it took me hours to cut them down to be manageable and even then, there were dozens. 

For those who don’t know, Miranda Devine is an ‘opinion writer’ for the Sydney Morning Herald who has a habit of quoting research out of context. She somehow feels her “facts & figures” are her strong point but like most Zero Tolerance proponents, her research is biased and cherry picked. I found a few links that examined her evidence and reveal some blatant examples of misleading her readers including a few articles from myself. There is even a whole page devoted to her supplied evidence for an article she wrote in 2003. How she continued with her own incredulous brand of research after this web page appeared and exposed her, is mind blowing and just as interesting is how the SMH lets it get through?

It is irresponsible for a doctor in his position to play down serious research showing the link between marijuana and schizophrenia, and not just for those who are already psychotic. What he is doing is no different from the tobacco industry denying the links between smoking and lung cancer.

-Miranda Devine. Sydney Morning Herald


I see, the tobacco industry and lung cancer ... marijuana and mental health, there has to be a connection somewhere.  Miranda’s ability to put the complexity of addiction issues and why people use drugs into black or white is the trademark of Zero Tolerance twats. She follows the usual comparative analogies of most groups that have no clue about the subject they support so rabidly. The statements by her Zero Tolerance cohorts must seem normal to them but absolutely a mind fuck to the rest of us. 

The war on drugs in Australia is working. The Bali Nine are just part of the price

-Miranda Devine. Sydney Morning Herald


Her insistence that prohibition is working may excite a few readers of Murdoch’s trash media but those in the D&A field are horrified. Apart from always down playing the damage of alcohol, the current drug policies based on prohibition must get even tougher against illicit drug use according to Devine. The actual policy of Harm Minimisation fits in uncomfortably with the prohibition style laws which causes Miranda much duress.

The naysayers cite America's prohibition of alcohol in the 1920s as the great failure which proves prohibition of drugs is doomed.  But alcohol use did fall significantly in the US during prohibition, as did cirrhosis.  Suicide rates dropped by 50 per cent, as did alcohol-related arrests, according to US drug policy resource, the Schaffer Library. 

-Miranda Devine. Sydney Morning Herald


Miranda Devine is one of the few who think alcohol prohibition was successful. This should be enough put her on the cover of MAD magazine or at least the poster girl for Drug Free Australia (DFA). Funny enough, director of DFA , Salvation Army Major and ANCD Chair, Brian Watters backed up her comment. Watters is probably the most dangerous man in Australia. A Christian extremist who makes up one of the 13 members of the International Narcotics Control Board (INCB). But more about Watters in the 3rd part of this series.

It (prohibition) was the most lawful period in US history.

-Brian Watters. Chairman of ANCD.


The latest furphy that started with the Bishop Report, is that HM is the cause for the current drug problems. Using traditional arguments from those opposed to the "War on Drugs" is a trend of late for the the ZT crowd who could not compete with the evidence based positions of reformists. One tactic was to take the situation of 38 years under a "War on Drugs" mentality and changing it to “25 years of Harm Minimisation’ being the root of the problem. They forget that HM is dealing with the fall out of strict prohibitionist laws like the "War on Drugs" and not the problem itself. But since they are steadily losing the battle and competing with evidence, they have to turn up the rhetoric.

The story of Australia's heroin drought is an extraordinary good news story.  But it is getting little publicity because it destroys the popular myth that the illicit drug problem will never be eased by prohibition.  It is a fascinating case study in how ideology blinds people to the truth.  

Our heroin drought is unique in the world.  It began about Christmas 2000 in Cabramatta, the nation's largest heroin market, when a sudden shortage of heroin was accompanied by a sharp rise in price and decline in purity.  

This phenomenon came two years after a much-criticised change in Australia's drug strategy.  We switched from a disastrous decade-long experiment with harm minimisation and lax law enforcement ( which saw a doubling of daily heroin users ) to an official Tough on Drugs strategy, overseen by the Australian National Council on Drugs ( ANCD ).  In charge was Salvation Army Major Brian Watters, a zero-tolerance advocate hand-picked by the Prime Minister and scorned as an anachronism by the influential drug liberalisation lobby.  

-Miranda Devine. Sydney Morning Herald. 2003


There’s that idiot, Watters again! 

Miranda made no mention that the drug kingpins in S.E. Asia had switched from heroin to methamphetamines and while the government was back slapping with cheering from Devine & co., an “ice epidemic” had exploded under their noses. The “tough on drugs” policy had no effect, what-so-ever as claimed and this was latter admitted by the AFP. 


Not only is the ZT crowd now using the HM argument about strategies up to date but now they are also reversing the fact that the world is slowly rejecting prohibition and instead claiming HM is on the way out.

...the drug harm-minimisation lobby, which has shaped debate about drug use in Australia for 25 years - but is losing credibility as contrary evidence piles up

-Miranda Devine. Sydney Morning Herald


Evidence piling up? Does she mean the same, regurgitated junk science that the anti-HM zealots try to pass off as evidence?

Or does she mean the rubbery statistics she cherry picked from convenient sources?

The evidence is that fewer children are even experimenting with cannabis, which is a far more potent drug today than it was when Nimbin's hippies were young

-Miranda Devine. Sydney Morning Herald 


Of course she is ignoring the fact that hard drug use amongst children has increased dramatically. Her “children” demographic are a portion of the overall user base and the stronger potency just means less usage is needed. As usual, her comments are just laughable when examined.

Meanwhile, Miranda pushed on with her belief that the “tough on drugs” approach was a success and declared that the world’s experts were somehow misguided because the case for Zero Tolerance had been settled as the winner.

Rather than drug harm-minimisation advocates admitting they are wrong and that their careers up to this point were misguided, they have stepped up their attacks, describing the so-called War on Drugs as a failure and those who disagree as "zealots", "ideologues" and "evangelists". But this is the pot calling the kettle black, for what else do you call people who refuse to change their minds in the face of overwhelming evidence but zealots?

-Miranda Devine. Sydney Morning Herald


It’s great reading isn’t it. 

We haven’t forgotten the Bishop Report. You know, “The Winnable War on Drugs”. The report that was criticised by nearly every D&A expert in Australia and was just laughed at overseas and dismissed as a political stunt.

For a full demolition of the soft-on-drugs approach, the Bishop report is a goldmine, concluding: "The evidence received … in the course of this inquiry has shown there is a drug industry which pushes harm reduction and minimisation at the expense of harm prevention and treatment [which has as its aim] making an individual drug free."

-Miranda Devine. Sydney Morning Herald


And just to make sure we all get the message that the "War on Drugs" has been won, more of the “sending the right message” propaganda. Remember that “sending the right message” is more important than reality.

Although it is impossible to stamp out drug use entirely, it is important to realise the symbolic importance of sanctions - even if they aren't always enforced. By cracking down on dealers and mounting occasional raids on nightclubs, authorities send the message that drug use is unwise.

-Miranda Devine. Sydney Morning Herald


I could fill another 10 pages with Miranda Devine quotes but I value my sanity.


Another Murdoch trash paper, The HeraldSun, has a team equally as potent as The Daily Telegraph. The HUN of course, is home to the fearless fruitcake, the spitter of spin, the ranting, raving, Rudd-hating, racist of the right and spokesman for the anti-climate change religion, Andy Bolt. 

You may remember Andy for his most famous quote to date:

There is a reason Iraq has almost disappeared as an election issue.

Here it is: The battle is actually over. Iraq has been won.

-Andrew Bolt. HeraldSun


LOL. A few months later and faster than Steve Price riding his scooter to the pub, he removed all references to his article.

Andy, like Miranda Devine, has problems with research and facts. Not that he doesn’t do research or present the facts, it’s just that he presents his research with a rather unique conclusion with his own version of the “facts”. These often unknown facts are a source of delight for many but some of the right wing persuasion, see them as truths that a PC crazy Australia has tried to hide. It makes for some mind bending logic labyrinths which often leave you with a “Bolta headache”.

My first big lesson, and best. In 1999, then Premier Jeff Kennett was keen to give us a "safe" injecting room, and picked Prof David Penington to sell us the funky idea. Injecting rooms had slashed the death toll overseas, declared Penington. Without them, overdoses here could explode. (They didn't.)


Drug experts cheered. The Age ran graphics showing that "success" overseas. "Everyone" thought the case so strong - the cause so moral - that Labor tried to trump Kennett by offering not one "safe" room but up to half a dozen. Being of Dutch migrants, I was raised to respect authority. So imagine my astonishment when I checked the most basic claim of this campaign.


In fact, only two countries had "safe" injecting rooms, as well as other get-soft policies, and in Switzerland the overdose deaths had then tripled.


How was it that so many people repeated a claim that was simply false and so easily checked? Because, you see, it seemed "good" to say it. That sure sobered me up.

-Andrew Bolt. HeraldSun


Confused? Overdoses didn’t explode in the late 1990s? Heroin overdoses doubled to 21,000 non-fatal overdoses from 1990 - 2001. As Andy wrote his article, it was at the peak of recorded overdoses in Australia.

What’s with the problem that only 2 countries had (Safe Injection Sites) SIS? No one ever said any different but Andy has declared it was a false claim and even managed to tie in “other get-soft policies” as some sort of logical conclusion to SIS. There are now over 48 SIS worldwide.

And only something that could be written by the likes of Andy was the claim of overdose rates tripling after the establishment of the SIS program. Not one person died of an overdose at the first clinic set up in Switzerland. The general overdose rate did increase in line with the increase in usage but has since declined since the introduction of prescription heroin for addicts. How Andy tied in a rising overdose mortality rate with the SIS program is just awe inspiring. I have never read, even once, a suggestion that a SIS has increased the overdose mortality rates. It is always the opposite findings so Andy’s conclusion is just added to the huge collection of twisted, manipulated misinformation dished out by Zero Tolerance nutters.


Our big lesson should be that Andy Bolt is a woeful journalist. Not only is his research wrong but he boasts that his bogus claims refute other correct facts. But no one with an ounce of intelligence really takes him seriously and he is really just fodder for a good laugh. He sort of reminds me of Mike Moore from Frontline. An ex ABC “journalist” who finds fame through being in the public spotlight and his audience are the nightly current affairs viewers who still think refugees threw their children overboard.


You must give Andy some credit though for persistence. He really hates teachers!

Even our whinges about their drug laws must seem bizarre. Guess who truly has the worst laws -- Indonesia, which gave Corby 20 years' jail for having 4.1kg of marijuana; or Victoria, which meanwhile gave a mere 12-month community service order to a teacher found with 29kg -- and let her keep her teaching licence?

-Andrew Bolt. HeraldSun


20 years for any amount of cannabis is outrageous. Condoning a 20 year jail sentence for grass puts Bolt in a different class of human and like most of the ZT nuts, they see no wrong that a young woman can have 20 years removed from her life and have to spend it in conditions that would not be tolerated here. Bolt & co. might be clowns but all jokes aside, The Bali Nine, Schapelle Corby  and Van Tuong Nguyen have had their lives ruined or snuffed out, yet they cheer on. In my eyes, that makes them unworthy of any respect and they deserve the contempt that anyone dishes up to them.


It seems that Bolt’s influence might have rubbed off somewhat with a frankenstein creation called Sally Morrell.

The Royal Adelaide Hospital doctors behind the push said we had to accept that one in four young people tried ecstasy.

Had to? Really?

Like I `have to' accept that some people steal or rape?

-Sally Morrell, Herald Sun


There’s that connection again. It’s a common theme, dumbing down their argument to the simplest factor ... something like rape or theft. Gone are the scientific and medical findings. Now they can argue moral standards because the segue has been made, however implausible it is.

And there’s that “wrong message” too. Another common theme that seems more important that actually helping anyone.

It is likely to save lives,' said ADF youth drug studies director Cameron Duff.

That may be true! about ravers at that particular event on that particular night. They'll get to find out whether the main ingredient of their pill is MDMA (pure ecstasy) or more dangerous replacements such as PMA or ketamine.

But the big downside of the plan is the message it's sending out. 

[...]

Ecstasy is illegal. It's as simple as that.

-Sally Morrell, Herald Sun


Well, being a homosexual was once illegal and so was a female showing her belly button in public so those arrested deserved what they got? Honestly Sally, you’re a fuckwit.

At least she admits that prohibition is a loss. The problem is, will these people who keep getting the same results, remain defiant and apply the same strategy again and again and again.

And that's why I think we shouldn't have to accept that young people will take drugs at all.

[...]

I think we should be fighting it every step of the way. Even if it does sometimes seem a losing battle.

-Sally Morrell, Herald Sun


Enough of Sally.

I know you are all asking about the bearded burbler, Neil Mitchell - the Derryn Hinch Mini-Me. Apart from blinking too much and looking shifty, he too has a hard stance on drugs.

To its credit, the AFL has introduced a drug-testing system that in many ways is tougher than those in other sports.

But it also falters because anybody who tests positive is not publicly punished or declared as a drug user until the third time they are caught.

-Neil Mitchell. 3AW


Yes Neil, punish those evil drug users. Especially those sporting “role models” who have been given that role by you.

Neil has followed the popular trend and confessed his drug use when he was younger and irresponsible. And like those who do confess (Swann, Bligh etc.), they hypocritically condone anyone who does what they have done. My question is, what if they got caught? Should their criminal drug record have stopped them getting to where they are today? What would their reputation be like if they were exposed as a criminal?

My other question is, why doesn’t anyone who publicly declares their ILLEGAL drug use, admit to actually enjoying it? I would say it would have more do with damage to their reputation if they declared they enjoyed it than whether it’s legal or not.

I enjoyed it, but not massively. I was of a different generation and more interested in a beer and a chat.

Today's marijuana was far more dangerous than the plants I tried. 

In its current form it's one of the most insidious and dangerous things we've got to cope with

There's no way we can go near legalisation now.

-Neil Mitchell. 3AW


Finally, my favourite from David Biles - Canberra Times.

The fact that the battle against addiction can be won is illustrated by the dramatic reduction in the prevalence of smoking throughout Australia over the past two or more decades. I am reliably informed nicotine addiction is much more difficult to break than addiction to heroin, cocaine or other drugs.

-David Biles. July 2008. Canberra Times - Drug taking is not acceptable, even when in prison [Article]


David Biles is a consultant criminologist and professorial associate in corrections at Charles Sturt University.

He is not someone who should be making drug policies!


NEXT: Did They Really Say That?  Part 2 - Politicians


Monday, 14 July 2008

Prescribed Heroin Project 'Promising'

For many hardcore heroin addicts, the hustling begins first thing in the morning. They wake up with one thing in mind: How to get their next fix. Some turn to panhandling, prostitution or crime to come up with the cash for drugs. But a heroin study seems to have changed that for some Montreal addicts.


Prescribed Heroin Project 'Promising'
Brett Bundale
The Gazette
June 2008


North America's first research study on medically prescribed heroin will wrap up in a few weeks. The goal of the North American Opiate Medication Initiative, funded by the Canadian Institute of Health Research, is to examine harm reduction and the treatment of illicit drug use.

The $8-million clinical trial started in 2005 in Montreal and Vancouver, the site of Insite, North America's only safe-injection site.

As the project winds down, Quebec is considering setting up a safe-injection facility in Montreal, Health Minister Philippe Couillard said Wednesday.

But unlike a safe-injection site, where addicts inject themselves with their own street drugs under the supervision of a nurse, the research study uses medically prescribed pharmaceutical-grade narcotics.

Although the findings will not be published until the fall, the preliminary results are promising, said Suzanne Brissette, one of the study's doctors and the lead investigator in Montreal.

"The cost effectiveness will be an important part of our findings," Brissette said.

In addition to the human costs, an untreated heroin addict costs Canada an estimated $45,000 a year in public health care, criminal justice and welfare.

Similar studies in Europe suggest prescribed heroin programs can save the public nearly $20,000 a year per addict, after research and clinical costs are factored in.

The North American study offered addicts information about how to avoid some of the risks of drug use, like using shared or unsterilized needles, and how to manage - if not kick - the habit.

Heroin users are at risk of developing abscesses, contracting such diseases as HIV/AIDS and hepatitis C, and other problems related to adulterated heroin sold on the street.

In Montreal, addicts were allowed to come to the clinic three times a day to get their fix.

"What was surprising was that, as their lives gained stability, many came only twice a day," Brissette said.

In addition, the maximum heroin dose allowed was about 400 milligrams, but on average addicts chose to take only 170 milligrams at a time.

"Because the heroin was free, people thought an escalation in use would occur. But this didn't happen," Brissette said.

The study followed a strict recruitment process.

"There was a fear we'd attract more users by giving out free heroin," Brissette said.

"The participants had to have repeatedly failed the standard treatment," Brissette said, which involves oral methadone, a drug similar to morphine, as a substitute for heroin.

Once selected, nearly half the participants underwent the standard methadone treatment. The other 55 per cent received either heroin or another opiate that is injected, hydromorphone.

Many users put on weight and some managed to find jobs, Brissette said.

Wednesday, 9 July 2008

Tough Drug Policies Failing, Stupidy, Pyne Again & Daily Telegraph Readers

“Tough on Drugs” is a Useless Policy

The World Health Organisation recently completed a huge survey titled, Toward a Global View of Alcohol, Tobacco, Cannabis, and Cocaine Use: Findings from the WHO World Mental Health Surveys. 


Description: Alcohol, tobacco, and illegal drug use cause considerable morbidity and mortality, but good cross-national epidemiological data are limited. This paper describes such data from the first 17 countries participating in the World Health Organization's (WHO's) World Mental Health (WMH) Survey Initiative.

Here’s the interesting part:

Drug use does not appear to be related to drug policy, as countries with more stringent policies (e.g., the US) did not have lower levels of illegal drug use than countries with more liberal policies (e.g., The Netherlands).

[...]

Nevertheless, the study did find clear differences in drug use across different regions of the world, with the US having among the highest levels of legal and illegal drug use of all the countries surveyed.

For those demanding Australia to toughen up on drug policy, you are WRONG. More punitive actions WILL NOT help the drug problem. Please, please, leave it to medical and related experts who don’t have a political or religious agenda.


Full report here



Five Defining Characteristics of Stupidity

Rick Shenkman an associate professor of history at George Mason University defines stupidity as 5 basic types. What first struck me was how many Zero Tolerance buffoons fit neatly into the stupidity types. Read the definitions whilst keeping in mind the people who regularly call for tougher drug penalties or implementing Zero Tolerance and the penny will drop. At least 4 of 5 definitions will apply to these people.


Five defining characteristics of stupidity:

First, is sheer ignorance: Ignorance of critical facts about important events in the news, and ignorance of how our government functions and who's in charge. 

Second, is negligence: The disinclination to seek reliable sources of information about important news events. 

Third, is wooden-headedness, as the historian Barbara Tuchman defined it: The inclination to believe what we want to believe regardless of the facts.

Fourth, is shortsightedness: The support of public policies that are mutually contradictory, or contrary to the country's long-term interests. 

Fifth, and finally, is a broad category I call bone-headedness, for want of a better name: The susceptibility to meaningless phrases, stereotypes, irrational biases, and simplistic diagnoses and solutions that play on our hopes and fears.

-Rick Shenkman, Emmy Award-winning investigative reporter, associate professor of history at George Mason University



Chris Pyne: Stupidity Has No Bounds

I recently found an article that Dr David Calcot wrote in 2007 about the ex federal minister for ageing, Chris Pyne and his complete lack of knowledge on issues he reguarly comments about. It’s a doozy especially where Pyne declared that ecstasy was cut with “hydrochloric acid”. He wrongly came to that conclusion from the technical term for MDMA because it exists as a “hydrochloric salt” like many other chemicals. He put the two together and came up with “Ecstasy is cut with hydrochloric acid”. If that wasn’t bad enough, when asked where the hell he got his info from, he said the newspapers! Maybe the reports on the subject, that the government commissioned, had too many big words. Recommended reading.

Pyne's Pain by Dr David Calcot



Some Daily Telegraph Readers Are Disgusting

Yesterday, a Daily Telegraph article about a student who died from a drug overdose was met with this comment:


Oh well, one less drug addict off the streets. It isn't the dealers we need to worry about. It is the addicts who will kill their own family just to get their next hit.

-Posted by: Andrew B of The hills district


Georgia Chant, was a 15-year-old student at Barrenjoey High School on Sydney's northern beaches. Since she died from a drug overdose, this rabid, lowlife felt it was important enough to go out of way to write his comment. What if her family reads this? What if it was his daughter or sister? You, Andrew B, of the hills district [sic] are a clueless wanker. I would happily do jail time just to get you alone in a room for 10 minutes. You freak.



Some Daily Telegraph Readers Are Spot-On

In response to a Daily Telegraph article last year, this comment has to be one the best I have read.

Readers Comment:

Anti-drug's campaigner, Carly Crutchfield. Is she anti-drugs, or just anti-illicits? She stated, "Young people do not try to hide it and do not think it's wrong". 


Why would she believe that young people should think drug consumption is wrong and hide it away when the Drug Cartels of tri-methyl-xanthine/caffeine, ethane hydroxide/ethyl alcohol and nicotine constantly target the young and we have our media, our sporting personalities, our celebrities and yes, even our so-called anti-drug campaigners, stating that it's 'okay to consume these drugs',. They don't give a damn when the drug dealers say you can 'party on these drugs'., while not one drug dealer has to put out any warning signs on the drugs they deal and advocate to children as well as adults, while helping the Government to eradicate the 'competition', the so-called 'illicits'. 


The 7.30 Report stated that Police knew 30 days before Annabelle Catt's death that there was the toxic amphetamine PMA in a batch of street ecstasy, but no warnings were given and no drug testing by consumers is allowed. If Mr. Debnam wants to intervene early, then he needs to intervene on drug abuse only, and not just on choice of drug.

-Posted by: D.Nentwig of NSW


Article: Labor's Drug Surrender


Saturday, 5 July 2008

Methadone Saves More Lives Than Abstinence / Detox.

People who are opiate dependent like heroin addicts, will die at a rate of 13 -1 compared to non addicts of the same age/sex. Mind blowing stuff. But there are still many out there who object to substitution treatment despite it being the single most effective treatment for opiate addiction. What would happen though if abstinence based treatment like detox was found to have a higher mortality rate than opioid maintenance treatment (OMT)?


The Boston University has recently released several reports that should make many anti-methadone proponents reassess their ignorant and often arrogant views. Not only do they indicate that methadone and buprenorphine save lives but choosing abstinence/detox over OMT increases the chance of patients dying. The anti Harm Minimisation stooges will undoubtedly still push their naive, ‘drug free’ ideology but the fact is, those on methadone or buprenorphine have a hugely reduced risk of being a mortality statistic. 


Isn’t this the goal, to save lives? It’s becoming increasingly obvious that’s not the case for some of the so-called “Tough Love” advocates. Extremist, Salvation Army Major and INCB member, Brian Watters suggested that heroin addiction was a fate worse then death. He also said that addiction was a sin. For the record, Watters is also a DFA director, ex chairman of the Australian National Council on Drugs (ANCD) and one of the 12 members of the UN’s International Narcotics Control Board (INCB) which has come into major criticism for breaching human rights and being a stooge for US drug policy. Many opponents of methadone use Sweden as an example of a successful drug policy which includes a strong preference for abstinence based programs and severe restrictions on how long someone can stay on methadone. What they leave out is the high mortality rate in Sweden compared to countries that endorse methadone.


This report is very specific about what needs to be done to prevent harm—not just to reduce it or minimise it but to prevent it, with the ultimate aim of always making the individual drug free and not sentenced to a lifetime of methadone, which will probably take 46 years off your life expectancy, and not turned into a hag with their teeth falling out. If you think the mouth of a tobacco-smoking person is hideous, look at the mouth of a methadone user.

Bronwyn Bishop - Inquiry Chair: The impact of illicit drug use on families. The winnable war on drugs.


There are many who object to substitution treatment as being a ‘cop out’ for addicts or as a grand plan of industry ‘elitists’ who want full drug legalisation. The claims are varied from an Orwellian addiction swap to the federal government trades places with the street dealer, swapping heroin for methadone and feeding the addiction with taxpayer dollars. Even politicians who have access to vast amounts of research either choose to ignore the evidence and lie to the public or are incapable of separating their personal views from facts. What is worse ... an elected official blatantly deceiving us or an elected official being so obviously clueless and incapable yet still left to manage important issues for us?


Do we want to follow the example of the many US OMT clinics that place restrictions on the period of treatment or set unrealistic dosage levels out of misconceived ideas on how OMT works? OMT was never meant to be a short term treatment but through a haze of Zero Tolerance claptrap, the guidelines have been misinterpreted by many health care providers. It seems logical to end OMT as quickly as possible because of the temptation to have a cured addict, free of physical addiction. Unfortunately, it’s not that simple and the usual consequences are the unnecessary deaths of addicts pushed into a dangerous treatment plan by ignorant and self righteous care providers.



Opioid Maintenance Therapy Saves Lives

http://www.bu.edu/aodhealth/issues/issue_may08/friedmann_gibson.html


Opioid-dependent patients are 13 times more likely to die than their age- and sex-matched peers in the general population. To examine predictors of long-term mortality, Australian researchers conducted a 10-year follow-up study of 405 heroin-dependent patients who had participated in a randomized trial comparing methadone and buprenorphine.


Overall mortality was 8.8 deaths per 1000 person-years of follow-up (0.66 during opioid maintenance treatment and 14.3 while out of treatment).

Each additional opioid maintenance treatment episode lasting more than 7 days decreased mortality by 28%.

Subjects who were using more heroin at baseline had a 12% lower mortality rate overall, likely because they spent more time in opioid maintenance treatment.


Comments:

Often overlooked in the controversy over opioid substitution therapy is the reality that opioid dependence has a high fatality rate. The current study highlights that opioid maintenance treatment saves lives. The selection of the treatment episode as greater than 7 days strongly suggests that opioid maintenance, not detoxification, reduces mortality. The time is right to promulgate opioid maintenance therapy with either buprenorphine or methadone as the standard-of-care, first-line treatment for opioid dependence.

Peter D. Friedmann, MD, MPH

Reference: Gibson A, Degenhardt L, Mattick RP, et al. Exposure to opioid maintenance treatment reduces long-term mortality. Addiction. 2008;103(3):462–468.



Death Before, During, and After Opioid Maintenance Treatment

http://www.bu.edu/aodhealth/issues/issue_apr08/samet_clausen.html


To what extent does opioid maintenance therapy (OMT) reduce mortality in patients with dependence? To answer this question, Norwegian researchers linked data from a national death registry to a national database of people who were on a waiting list for OMT, receiving OMT (predominantly methadone), or discontinued OMT. Researchers then compared the risk of death during treatment with the risk before and after treatment among 3789 patients. In some cases, data from the death registry were confirmed with death certificates and autopsy results.


Over 7 years, 213 patients died.

Seventy-nine percent of deaths in the waiting-list group, 27% of deaths in the treatment group, and 61% of deaths in the discontinued-treatment group were attributed to overdose.

Mortality risk (from overdose and other causes) was significantly lower in patients receiving treatment than in patients on the waiting list (relative risk [RR], 0.5; death rates of 1.4 versus 2.4 per 100 person years, respectively).

Risk was highest among men who discontinued treatment (RR, 1.8 compared with men on the waiting list).


Comments:

With impressive methodological rigor, these investigators provide further strong evidence that OMT lowers the risk of death. Because of the increasing cases of overdose death attributed to physician-prescribed methadone for pain and the potential negative public backlash towards this treatment, these data may play an important role in policy efforts that support the continued use of OMT to reduce mortality risk in people with opioid dependence.

Jeffrey A. Samet, MD, MA, MPH

Reference: Clausen T, Anchersen K, Waal H. Mortality prior to, during, and after opioid maintenance treatment (OMT): a national prospective cross-registry study. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2008;94(1-3):151-157.


Related Links:

What are the benefits of Methadone Maintenance Treatment

Advocates For Recovery Through Medicine

Ideological Influence in Addiction Treatment

Naltrexone Implant Data: Dangerous - MJA







Thursday, 3 July 2008

AMA Pushing Zero Tolerance (Ice - More Drug Myths Pt II)

UPDATE:

Ice - More Drug Myths Part II

AMA Pushing Zero Tolerance



I recently wrote an article, Ice - More Drug Myths about the hysteria surrounding ‘Ice’ and the non existent epidemic. The AMA has joined in with the hysteria and put out a position statement that is reminiscent of the sensationalist type stories usually left to the Daily Telegraph or the HeraldSun.


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DIARY: Amphetamines and the stronger version, methamphetamines are dangerous, powerful drugs. Abusing them increases the chance of dependancy, psychosis and other mental health problems. Like all powerful drugs, some people will have problems with them and these are the people who are regularly used as an example of what may happen if you decide to partake. Yes, there are some sad tales of abuse and the safest way to deal with amphetamines and methamphetamines is simply not to take them. Like climbing a mountain, there are risks involved and you would take every precaution possible to reach the top safely. Fucked if I know why someone would want to climb a mountain but if you’re going to take drugs, you need to apply the same principles. Your activity can be dangerous but the experience for some is worth it. Of course this is the same with most drugs including alcohol and cannabis. The key here is abuse or taking anything in excess.


What is rarely told though, is that if taken in moderation, the long term effects of amphetamines are minimal. Also these drugs are usually taken because they are enjoyable. The MSM and those pushing the anti-drug agenda have led us all to believe that normal, everyday people don’t take drugs and are only taken by those who are damaged or have a death wish. This is simple not reality. The fact is that taking drugs can be fun and they are enjoyed by millions of people each week. Whether it’s morally right or not isn’t a concern to most people except those who don’t take them. Thieving, murder and assault are moral issues, not drug taking. If your drug taking doesn’t effect others, it’s really your choice and not moralists nor the government.


Speed and alcohol were my drugs of choice for many years before I became addicted to heroin. Out of all the people who I knew who took speed, I was the only one to have a problem. I had always been a big drinker since my early teens and speed allowed me to drink for days. I must admit, they were some of the best times I ever had. I met lots of great people, had lots of sex and partied hard. Overuse though took it’s toll and I moved interstate to escape the scene I was in. It was really hard to stop thinking of speed. Every weekend, I had great difficulty going out and was often bored because of not taking speed. After a year or two, I got back to normal and returned home but still alcohol played a big part in my socialising. Kicking any amphetamine type drug is hard and drawn out. Amphetamine dependancy is not like heroin addiction. You can go days or weeks without amphetamines but heroin withdrawal starts within hours. Although heroin/opiates are physically addictive, amphetamines are not. I didn't have any physical withdrawal symptoms at all when I stopped taking speed because I didn't use everyday but on weekends.


I was a weekend warrior where I had to have speed every weekend or I was bored out of mind. My usage increased after a while and I was ‘speeding’ from Friday night to Sunday morning. Sundays and increasingly, Mondays were a write-off. Luckily I earned a good wage but it still played havoc on my finances. The real killer was the bar priced drinks which I often shouted because of my speed induced friendliness and taking multiple taxis to the next phase of a speed/alcohol binge. Speed gave me confidence and I made friends very quickly which was exciting for a 21 year old. I had a great group of friends, a high powered job, went to clubs and parties every weekend and got more sex than Frank Sinatra ... it was wonderful. 


After quitting, I got used to not taking speed because my use revolved around the weekends. During the week, I was just another nobody, going to work, watching TV and following a losing football team. I went through stages of running or swimming where my main excess was cooking. I maybe went out once through the week, usually to a restaurant with friends and a good red wine or three. Weekends were usually boozy on Friday or Saturday night but I still had great fun. My favourite pastime was definitely an Asian restaurant with friends, drinking lots of red wine, smoking lots of cigarettes and talking shit. Then back to someone’s house for more drinking lots of red wine, smoking lots of cigarettes and talking shit. Though speed was on my mind, my use was limited to 3 or 4 weekends a year.


I don't get to use speed much anymore. First of all I rarely drink and the two go together for me. Secondly, speed is for partying and that is not part of my life anymore.

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Australia in general has a checkered history with alarmist reporting concerning amphetamines and now the The Australian Medical Association (AMA) have joined in. Recently. a press conference was held for the ‘AMA's Position Statement on Methamphetamine’ and there were some remarkable comments made.


 They [ice users] can be quite violent and aggressive, they're threatening to the staff in the hospital and to other patients here.

-Dr Rosanna Capolingua. AMA President.


The AMA are recommending that special units be set up at hospitals to deal with ice users. Acknowledging the dangers of drugs is fine but shooting off media friendly and alarmist statements doesn’t help anyone. The whole event was a jumble of odd statistics and the familiar drug hysteria usually confined to Zero Tolerance weirdoes. Standard prohibitionist tactics like misused terminology and links to major mental health problems seem to be the new face of the AMA. 


Over three-quarters of ice users or methamphetamine users - so we'd be talking about speed as well here - actually develop serious mental health problems. Over three-quarters of those, so we're talking about depression and anxiety, lack of motivation, agitation and inability to concentrate.


We've seen the violence, we see it in emergency departments and we also see it out on the streets. Many stories in the news feature violent episodes associated with methamphetamine use, and of course three-out-of-ten methamphetamine users will also develop psychosis.


We're talking significant serious mental illness. These people are hurt and damaged by methamphetamine use; we have to encourage people not to use this drug and we have to help those that have been caught in its trap.

-Dr Rosanna Capolingua. AMA President.


This is just wrong. The term user is being blurred with someone who has a dependancy problem. 3 in 10 DEPENDANT USERS will have psychotic symptoms, not 3 in 10 users as stated. A huge difference. I would love to know where figures came from for the claim, three-quarters of methamphetamine will develop serious mental health issues. I have never heard this before.


The term ‘psychosis’ is also thrown around loosely and portrayed as some major flip out where the user turns into the Hulk. Most “psychotic episodes’ last for 2-3 hours and is more common than we think. 


Referencing the MSM as evidence of a epidemic is worrying when it’s coming from the president of the AMA. This is a tactic used by ultra conservative politicians or nutter organisations like Drug Free Australia (DFA) and is not acceptable coming from a so-called medical organisation. 


The Australian Injecting and Illicit Drug Users League (AIVL) welcomed the AMA's call for funding, but had some concerns. Annie Madden from AIVL rightly pointed out that violence from methamphetamines users is usually because of associated circumstances and most problems come from dependant users who are the minority.


“Most methamphetamine users do not become psychotic. There are some people who do, a minority who do, and that's usually related to extended periods of binge using, with people not sleeping, not eating - that sort of thing," 


"The vast majority of people use methamphetamine very occasionally recreationally, perhaps on the weekend or something, and they're not going to get to that point."

-Annie Madden. AIVL


The approach of the AMA is counter productive and will cause further alienation of dependant users. The main theme was the violence surrounding methamphetamine users. For medical body like the AMA to resort to junk science and using the MSM as a basis for their ‘evidence’ is worrying. Only this week, the AMA have put out a fear based brochure that flies in the face of scientific evidence. Yes there are dangers but statements giving the impression that cannabis is more dangerous than it really is, does not help the goal of reduced drug use. We, as a society are past that. The massive carnage to society caused by fear tactics and harsh policing does not work. We rely on organisations like the AMA to stick to medical facts, not do the job of the prohibitionists. There’s enough of those already.


New focus on cannabis dangers needed: AMA

ABC Website


The Australian Medical Association says there needs to be a new focus on alerting people to the dangers of cannabis. The AMA has launched a new brochure warning about the short and long-term effects of the drug. AMA president Dr Rosanna Capolingua says too many people still think of cannabis as a soft drug.


"Cannabis use is something that has increased in society overall over time and really there's been more and more evidence coming out of late of the effect of cannabis," she said.


"So with evidence around the mental health issues associated with cannabis, it's time to alert people."


"To alert young people in particular not to take up the use of drugs such as cannabis, and to certainly let people who use cannabis on a regular basis, or even sporadically, let them know what it is that it can do to them."



Back to methamphetamines. I had a look at a report from National Drug & Alcohol Research Centre (NDARC) regarding methamphetamines. It seems to contradict the severity of the methamphetamine problem or the ‘Ice Epidemic’ that the AMA has decided is worth losing their integrity about.


A report from National Drug & Alcohol Research Centre (NDARC)


Aggression and ice

Aggression is also one of the problems that people worry about when one of their friends or family use ice. The relationship between ice use and aggression is not straight-forward. Ice use can increase aggression, but not all users become aggressive when they take ice. It is not clear why some people are more prone to violent behaviour than others, but some of the things that probably play a role are: 

  • Alcohol
  • Withdrawal from drugs, especially heroin
  • Barbiturate use
  • Personality
  • Not eating
  • Certain medical conditions (E.G. diabetes, brain tumours) 
  • Ice can also worsen someone’s response if they are angry for some other reason (e.g. fights over money or relationship problems), because of its adrenaline-like properties. 


Psychosis

Methamphetamine use can induce a brief psychosis consisting of paranoia and hallucinations, and can also worsen symptoms among people who have schizophrenia or other chronic psychotic disorders. Around three in ten dependent methamphetamine users will experience psychotic symptoms during a given year. Symptoms usually last up to 2-3 hours, but sometimes symptoms last longer and can lead to the person being hospitalised. 


Methamphetamine Use and Crime 

Types of Crime 

  • Dealing drugs and theft are common crimes among regular methamphetamine users. Almost three-quarters have committed these types of crimes in their lifetime. 
  • Thirty per cent of methamphetamine users report dealing drugs in the past month, and almost one in five committed a property crime during that time.
  • Fraud and violent crime are less common among methamphetamine users than drug dealing and theft. 
  • Just under one-third of methamphetamine users have committed these types of crimes in their lifetime, and less than one in ten have committed them in the past month. 
  • Violent crime is no more common among methamphetamine users than among other heavy drug users
  • Methamphetamine users who do commit violent crimes are likely to have a pre-existing tendency toward antisocial behaviour


Who commits crime? 

Methamphetamine users who are most likely to be involved in crime: 

    • use methamphetamine heavily (i.e., at least several times a week) 
    • use the more pure forms of ‘base’ methamphetamine and crystalline methamphetamine, or ‘ice’
    • also use heroin and a range of other drugs – are younger drug users (late teens or twenties) 
    • have a predisposition toward antisocial behaviour 


Reasons for crime 

  • Crime among methamphetamine users can be due to a need to fund drug use, particularly in situations where the person is using a lot of methamphetamine (or other drugs) and they are on a low income. 
  • A proportion of methamphetamine users also commit crimes because they have a predisposition to engage in crime, rather than because of their methamphetamine use. 

Information based on the findings from: 

McKetin, R., McLaren, J., and Kelly, E. (2005). The Sydney methamphetamine market: Patterns of supply, use, personal harms and social consequences. National Drug Law Enforcement Research Fund Monograph Series No. 13. Australasian Centre for Policing Research, Adelaide. 

Produced by the National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, 2006.